A FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF REPLACING THE STANDARD AMMONIA REFRIGERATION DEVICE WITH THE CASCADE NH3/CO2 REFRIGERATION DEVICE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

Abstract

The thermodynamic analysis demonstrates the feasibility of replacing the standard ammonia refrigeration device with the cascade NH3/CO2 refrigeration device in the food industry. The main reason for replacement is to reduce the total amount of ammonia in spaces like deep-freezing chambers, daily chambers, working rooms and technical passageways. An ammonia-contaminated area is hazardous to human health and the safety of food products. Therefore the preferred reduced amount of ammonia is accumulated in the Central Refrigeration Engine Room, where the cascade NH3/CO2 device is installed as well. Furthermore, the analysis discusses and compares two left Carnots refrigeration cycles, one for the standard ammonia device and the other for the cascade NH3/CO2 device. Both cycles are processes with two-stage compression and two-stage throttling. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrates that the selected refrigeration cycle is the most cost-effective process because it provides the best numerical values for the total refrigeration factor with respect to the observed refrigeration cycle. The chief analyzed influential parameters of the cascade device are: total refrigeration load, total reactive power, mean temperature of the heat exchanger, evaporating and condensing temperature of the low-temperature part.

Keywords

Dates

  • Submission Date2013-06-11
  • Revision Date2014-02-18
  • Acceptance Date2014-07-31
  • Online Date2014-09-06

DOI Reference

10.2298/TSCI130611097J

References

  1. Velders, G. J. M., et al., The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate, Proceedings, (William C. Clark), The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 2007, Vol. 104, pp. 4814-4819
  2. Demeritt, D., The construction of global warming and the politics of science, in: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Department of Geography, King's College, London, Blakwell Publishers, Oxford, U.K., 2001, pp. 307-337
  3. De Larminat, P., Expanding the use of amonia, ASHRAE Journal, 42 (2000), 3, pp. 35-40
  4. Soleimani, A., Experimental investigations of NH3/CO2 cascade system for supermarket refrigeration, Master Thesis, Master Program of Sustainable Energy Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2006
  5. Bingming, W., et al., Experimental investigation on the performance of NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system with twin-screw compressor, International Journal of Refrigeration, 32 (2009), 6, pp. 1358-1365
  6. Lorentzen, G., Revival of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, International Journal of Refrigeration, 17 (1994), 5, pp. 292-301
  7. Manning, M., Reisinger, A., Broader perspectives for comparing different greenhouse gases, Journal of Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, 369 (2011), 1943, pp. 1891-1905
  8. Hwang, Y., et al., CO2 transcritical cycles for high temperature application, Proceedings, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, New York, USA, 2001, Vol. 41, pp. 255-260
  9. Didion, D. A., The application of HFC-s as refrigerants, Proceedings, 20th International Congress of Refrigeration, IIR/IIF, Sydney, Australia, 1999, pp. unknown
  10. Solomon, S., et al., On the evaluation of ozone depletion potentials, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 97 (1992), pp. 825-842
  11. Shine, K. P., The global warming potential - the need for an interdisciplinary retrial, Journal Climatic Change, 96 (2009), 4, pp. 467-472
  12. Sarbu, I., Bancea, O., Environment global protection to the polluting action of refrigernts, Int. Journal WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 5 (2009), 6, pp. 425-434
  13. Forbes, S., Pearson, A., Ammonia refrigeration systems, ASHRAE Journal, 41 (1999), 3, pp. 24-29
  14. Kancir, B., et al., Monographies of refrigerants - Ammonia R-717, The Publicity Department for the working safety, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1981
  15. Stewart, R. B., et al., Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, ASHRAE Journal, (1986), 13, pp. 149-162
  16. Kancir, B., et al., Monographies of refrigerants - Carbon dioxide R-744, The Publicity Department for the working safety, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1984
  17. Khadatkar, R. M., Cryofreezing and cryofreezer, International Journal Cryogenics, 44 (2004), 9, pp. 661-678
  18. Sawalha, S., et al., Experimental and theoretical evaluation of NH3/CO2 cascade system for supermarket refrigeration in a laboratory environment, Proceedings, Paper presented at the 7th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, Trondheim, Norway, 2006
  19. Dopazo, J. A., et al., Theoretical analysis of a CO2/NH3 cascade refrigeration system for cooling applications at low-temperatures, Journal Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (2009), 8-9, pp. 1577-1583
  20. ***, ASHRAE Handbook of HVAC Systems and Equipment, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc., Atlanta, GE, 1997
  21. Likitthammanit, M., Experimental investigations of NH3/CO2 cascade and transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems in supermarkets, Master Thesis, KTH School of Energy and Environmental Technology, Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration, Stockholm, 2007
  22. Cabrejas, C. P., Parametric evaluation of a NH3/CO2 cascade system for supermarket refrigeration in laboratory environment, Master Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2006
  23. Sawalha, S., Using CO2 in supermarket refrigeration, ASHRAE Journal, 47 (2005), 8, pp. 26-30
  24. Getu, H. M., Bansal, P. K., Thermodynamic analysis of an R744-R717 cascade refrigeration system, International Journal of Refrigeration, 31 (2008), 1, pp. 45-54
  25. Visser, K., Carbon dixoide for the food processing and cold storage industries, Proceedings, Paper presented at the AIRAH Natural Refrigerants Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2002
  26. Bellstendt, M., et al., Application of CO2 refrigerant in industrial cold storage refrigeration plant, The Official Journal of Airah, (2002), pp. 25-30
  27. Pearson, A., Carbon dioxide - new uses for an old refrigerant, International Journal of Refrigeration, (2005), 28, pp. 1140-1148
  28. Van Riessen, G., NH3/CO2 Supermarket refrigeration systems with CO2 in the cooling and freezing section, Proceedings, Paper presented at the 6th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Natural Working Fluids Conference, Glasgow, U.K., 2004
  29. Cambell, A., et al., A natural refrigerant system for supermarkets using CO2 as a refrigerant, Proceedings, Paper presented at the CIBSE National Conference, London, 2006
  30. Taylor, C. R., Carbon dioxide based on refrigeration system, ASHRAE Journal, 44 (2005), 9, pp. 22-27
  31. Messineo, A., Panno, D., Performance evaluation of cascade refrigeration systems using different refrigerants, International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration, 20 (2012), 3, DOI No. 10.1142/S2010132512500101
  32. Liu, H., et al., Simulation of NH3/CO2 two-stage low temperature refrigeration system, Proceedings, Paper presented at the International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2002, Paper 620, docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/620
  33. Zha, S., The thermodynamic analysis and comparison on natural refrigerants cascade refrigeration cycle, Proceedings, The Fifth IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids, Guangzhou, China, 2002, pp. 157-163
  34. Sawalha, S., et al., Laboratory tests of NH3/CO2 cascade system for supermarket refrigeration, Proceedings, IIR International Conference "Commercial Refrigeration", Vicenza, Italy, 2005, Paper 26 on CD ROM, pp. 15-21
  35. Montgomery, D. C., Mayers, R., Response surface metodology, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA, 1995
  36. Mendenhall, D., Design and analysis of experiments, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA, 1994