INTEGRATING THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE AVERAGE SERBIAN CONSUMER AS A VIRTUAL STORAGE OPTION INTO THE PLANNING OF ENERGY SYSTEMS

Abstract

With the integration of more variable renewable energy, the need for storage is growing. Rather than utility scale storage, smart grid technology (not restricted, but mainly involving bidirectional communication between the supply and demand side and dynamic pricing) enables flexible consumption to be a virtual storage alternative for moderation of the production of variable renewable energy sources on the micro grid level. A study, motivated with energy loss allocation, electric demand and the legal framework that is characteristic for the average Serbian household, was performed using the HOMER software tool. The decision to shift or build deferrable load rather than sell on site generated energy from variable renewable energy sources to the grid was based on the consumer's net present cost minimization. Based on decreasing the grid sales hours of the micro grid system to the transmission grid from 3,498 to 2,009, it was shown that the demand response could be included in long-term planning of the virtual storage option. Demand responsive actions that could be interpreted as storage investment costs were quantified to 12 € per year in this article.

Keywords

Dates

  • Submission Date2014-01-22
  • Revision Date2014-03-17
  • Acceptance Date2014-04-18
  • Online Date2014-09-06

DOI Reference

10.2298/TSCI1403743B

References

  1. Johnsson, F., European Energy Pathways: Pathways to Sustainable European Energy Systems, Alliance for Global Sustainability (AGS), Gothenburg, Sweden, 2011
  2. Rajaković, N., Tasić, D., Distributive and Industrial Networks (in Serbian), Akademska misao, Belgrade, 2008
  3. Lund, H., et al., From Electricity Smart Grids to Smart Energy Systems - A Market Operation Based Approach and Understanding, Energy, 42 (2012), 1, pp. 96-102
  4. Hedegaard, K., et al., Wind Power Integration Using Individual Heat Pumps - Analysis of Different Heat Storage Options, Energy, 47 (2012), 1, pp. 284-293
  5. Sterling, J., et al., Treatment of Solar Generation in Electric Utility Resource Planning, National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL/TP-6A20-60047, 2013
  6. Bank, T. W., The Road to Prosperity: Productivity and Exports, in: Country Economic Memorandum: vol. 2, 2011
  7. Batas Bjelić, I., Energy Loss in Distribution Network Related to Placement of Solar Photovoltaic Systems, 2nd International Conference on Renewable Electrical Power Sources, Belgrade, 2013
  8. ***, A Survey of Time-of-use (TOU) Pricing and Demand-Response (DR) Programs, Energy & Environmental Economics, San Francisco, CA 941112006
  9. Reich, D., European Energy Law and its Impact on Serbia Progress, Perspectives and Possibilities, Thermal Science, 16 (2012), 1, pp. 17-22
  10. Filipovic, S., Tanic, G., Challenges at Electricity Markets (in Serbian), Economic Institute, Belgrade, 2010
  11. ***, MERZ, (2011), The Energy Law, www.aers.rs/FILES/Zakoni/Eng/Zakon%20o%20energetici_57-11.pdf
  12. Earle, R., Faruqui, A., Toward a New Paradigm for Valuing Demand Response, The Electricity Journal, 19 (2006), 4, pp. 21-31
  13. Fitzgerald, N., et al., Integrating Wind Power Using Intelligent Electric Water Heating, Energy, 48 (2012), 1, pp. 135-143
  14. Levy, R., et al., New Principles for Demand Response Planning, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, USA, 2002
  15. Biegel, B., et al., Value of Flexible Consumption in the Electricity Markets, Energy, 66 (2014), pp. 354-362
  16. ***, (2012), Household budget survey - in Serbian, webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/repository/documents/00/01/20/41/SB_572-APD-2012.pdf
  17. Batas Bjelic, I., et al., Improvements of Serbian-NEEAP based on Analysis of Residential Electricity Demand until 2030, IEWT, Vienna, 2013
  18. Klobasa, M., Dynamic Simulation of Load Management and Integration of Wind Power Into an Electricity System at a Country Level Under Control Engineering and Cost Aspects - in German, Ph. D. thesis, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2007
  19. Stadler, I., Power Grid Balancing of Energy Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration by Demand Response, Utilities Policy, 16 (2008), 2, pp. 90-98
  20. Montoya, M., Islands in the Storm: Integrating Microgrids into the Larger Grid, Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE, 11 (2013), 4, pp. 33-39
  21. Lambert, T., et al., Micropower System Modeling with Homer, in: Integration of alternative sources of energy (Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 2006, pp. 379-418
  22. ***, (2009), Tariff system - in Serbian (Official gazette of Republic of Serbia 109/2009 ed.), www.edb.co.rs/propisi/tarifni_sistem.pdf
  23. Hammerstrom, D., et al., Pacific Northwest GridWise™ Testbed Demonstration Projects, Part I, Olympic Peninsula Project, PNNL-17167, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington D. C., USA, 2007
  24. Škokljev, I. A., Planning of Electric Power Sytems: Problems, Questions and Answers from Selected Domains - in Serbian, 2000
  25. Rajaković, N., Energy Efficiency in the Context of the Extensive Smart Grid Applications - in Serbian language, in: ENEF, Banja Luka, 2013, pp. A1-1, A1-5
  26. De Jonghe, C., et al., Integrating Short-Term Demand Response into Long-Term Investment Planning, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2011
  27. Bakić, V., et al., Dynamical Simulation of PV/Wind Hybrid Energy Conversion System, Energy, 45 (2012), 1, pp. 324-328
  28. Cao, S., et al., Analysis and Solution for Renewable Energy Load Matching for a Single-Family House, Energy and Buildings, 65 (2013), pp. 398-411
  29. Batas Bjelić, I., et al., Increasing Wind Power Penetration into the Existing Serbian Energy System, Energy, 57 (2013), pp. 30-37
  30. Bahramara, S., et al., Planning of a Grid-connected Smart Micro-power system, in: Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia), 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 1-5
  31. Hafez, O., Bhattacharya, K., Optimal Planning and Design of a Renewable Energy Based Supply System for Microgrids, Renewable Energy, 45 (2012), pp. 7-15
  32. Pourmousavi, S.A., et al., A Framework for Real-Time Power Management of a Grid-Tied Microgrid to Extend Battery Lifetime and Reduce Cost of Energy, in: Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2012 IEEE PES, 2012, pp. 1-8
  33. Shiroudi, A., et al., Case study: Simulation and Optimization of Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery Hybrid Energy System in Taleghan-Iran using HOMER Software, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 4 (2012), 5, pp. 053111-11
  34. Bekele, G., Tadesse, G., Feasibility Study of Small Hydro/PV/Wind Hybrid System for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Ethiopia, Applied Energy, 97 (2012), pp. 5-15
  35. Rui, H., et al., Optimal Design of Hybrid Energy System with PV/Wind Turbine/Storage: A case study, in: Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), 2011 IEEE International Conference, 2011, pp. 511-516
  36. Giannoulis, E. D., Haralambopoulos, D. A., Distributed Generation in an Isolated Grid: Methodology of Case Study for Lesvos - Greece, Applied Energy, 88 (2011), pp. 2530-2540
  37. Weis, T. M., Ilinca, A., The Utility of Energy Storage to Improve the Economics of Wind-Diesel Power Plants in Canada, Renewable Energy, 33 (2008), pp. 1544-1557
  38. Rajaković, N., et al., Development of Distributed Generation in Serbia Caused by Price of Electricity - in Serbian, CIGRE, Zlatibor, Serbia, 2013
  39. Pavlović, T. M., et al., Simulation of PV Systems Electricity Generation Using Homer Software in Specific Locations in Serbia, Thermal Science, (2013), pp. 333-347
  40. Connolly, D., et al., A Review of Computer Tools for Analysing the Integration of Renewable Energy Into Various Energy Systems, Applied Energy, 87 (2010), pp. 1059-1082
  41. ***, MERZ, (2012), Draft National Renewable Energy Action Plan, www.merz.gov.rs/sites/default/files/Pojednostavljeni%20nacionalni%20akcioni%20plan%20za% 20obnovljive% 20izvore%20energije.pdf
  42. Schneider, D. R., et al., Mapping the Potential for Decentralized Energy Generation Based on RES in Western Balkans, Thermal Science, 11 (2007), pp. 7-26
  43. Bukurov, M., et al., Finding the Balance Between the Energy Security and Environmental Protection in Serbia, Thermal Science, 14 (2010), pp. 15-25
  44. ***, ENTSO-E, (28/1/2013), European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, www.entsoe.eu/resources/data-portal/country-packages/
  45. Đurišić, Ž., Mikulović, J., A Model for Vertical Wind Speed Data Extrapolation for Improving Wind Resource Assessment using WAsP, Renewable Energy, 41 (2012), pp. 407-411
Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages743 -754